The Pharmacy Is Not Only A Source Of Medications But Of...

The pharmacy is not only a source of medications but of education and technology use. The pharmacy plays a crucial role in the hospital because without it, physicians and nurses wouldn t be able to treat their patients effectively. The pharmacy is essential to the treatment of disease, since the pharmacy is the site where both intravenous and pill medications such as chemotherapy and antibiotics are made and dispensed according to what patient needs. At the hospital, the pharmacy takes care of both inpatients and outpatients for both prescriptions and over the counter medications. Those who work at the pharmacy also educated patients and healthcare workers about the side effects of medications, which medications can be mixed and, especially for stronger medications, the known risks of taking them. These educational measures are performed to prevent overdose, the inappropriate use of medications, such as antibiotics, and to give the patients as to what is normal and to be expected from taking a medication and what symptoms should raise a cause of concern. One way this duty is performed is by rounds. A round is where the pharmacist along with other doctors such as a dietitian, social worker, physical therapist , speech therapist, the attending nurse, and the primary physician, as well as any other specialist whose expertise may be in need, get together to discuss a group of patients and what is being done about their care and how it can be improved. AnyoneShow MoreRelatedTechnology Are On The Rise And Ioms Recommendation Of Informatics1370 Words   |  6 Pages Informatics Ayva Rodriguez Felician College NURS 330 Christine Lawrence October 14, 2014 Technology are on the rise and IOMs’ recommendation of informatics in the aspects of nursing care that can improve how interdisciplinary team member communicate to each other, managing knowledge and information, making decision and reducing errors (Greiner Knebel, 2003, p. 62). Communication is the interaction among people and the exchange of ideas, opinions and feelings whether it is verbal or non-verbalRead MoreEducation Medication Error : The United State, Health Care System1673 Words   |  7 Pages Education medication error The United State, health care system wastes approximately 700 billion dollars yearly on systematic inefficiencies such as unnecessary procedures, frauds, administrative practices and errors ( Plonien, 2013). Medication administration error differs across the literature, it may be defined as a preventable event or deviation from procedures, policies and/or best practices that may result to inappropriate desired outcome in a patient. The vast majority of medication errorRead MoreThe Origin And Effects Of Medication Errors6258 Words   |  26 PagesThe Origin and Effects of Medication Errors In Healthcare Introduction/Statement of Problem Medication errors have contributed to healthcare issues and created problematic discrepancies affecting costs, safety issues, qualitative concerns, and economic effects. This review will provide the background, rationale, and the overview of multiple issues causing medication errors. Issues contributing to negative effects of the health system will be identified including how specific issues affect patientsRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Prescription Medication Essay2189 Words   |  9 Pagesbillion dollars a year are spent on preventable readmissions, leading cause being improper medication usage after discharge.1 Up to 2% of these medication discrepancies were life-threatening and even led to death.7 Medication discrepancies often occur when patients have a lack of understanding of discharge medication plans, inadequate literacy to understand the dismissal notes, become nonadherent to medication regimen, and/or experience adverse drug events.8, 11 Expanding community pharma cists’ involvementRead MoreInformation Technology And Legal Issues1692 Words   |  7 PagesInformation Technology and Legal Issues Technological advancements continue to expand worldwide, transforming businesses as it develops, especially in the health care industry. Technology plays a significant role in health care including patient intake, monitoring of data, order entry, and self-care strategies. Handheld devices such as iPhones and iPads as well as Android smartphones and tablets are replacing traditional monitoring and recording systems. Innovations in telemedicine allow patientsRead MoreEquipped for Efficiency: Improving Nursing Care Through Technology12192 Words   |  49 Pagesï ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Equipped for Efficiency: Improving Nursing Care Through Technology CALIFORNIA HEALTHCARE FOUNDATION ï ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼December 2008 Equipped for Efficiency: Improving Nursing Care Through Technology Prepared for California HealtHCare foundation by Fran Turisco, M.B.A., research principal Jared Rhoads, M.S., senior research analyst CSC ï ¿ ¼December 2008 About the Authors Fran Turisco is research principal and Jared Rhoads is a senior research analyst at CSC’s Emerging Practices, the applied research armRead MoreEssay about Informatics In The Healthcare Industry1647 Words   |  7 PagesInformatics has many avenues for developing improvement to patient care. The introduction of electronic medical records (EMR) is a central source of information to locate and input patient information. The accessibility of information created by informatics makes information easily accessible for the healthcare team. Electronic Medical Record EMR has not only streamlined paperwork but has created a social network for all involved in the care of patients. EMR has showed to â€Å"improved accuracy, legibilityRead MoreSelf Medication Practices in a Rural Filipino Community21296 Words   |  86 Pagesin Adult Health Nursing Factors Affecting The Prevalence Of Self Medication Using Commercial Drugs In A Rural Filipino Family For The Course Research II With Statistics Presented by: Elaiza Joy M. Claravall Hazel Faith W. Cortel Abegail Jane W. Pasion Jave Mar C. Leonardo Minette B. Dangue MSN students Date Presented: May 20 2013 Date Revised: May 21, 2013 Factors Affecting The Prevalence Of Self Medication Using Commercial Drugs In A Rural Filipino Family Abstract Objectives:Read MoreManagement Department At Baylor Medical Center Management1378 Words   |  6 Pagesof the performance, it requires a different of quality improvement plans and strategies. Management department at Baylor medical center will choose some tools includes, Lean Sigma Six, Plan, Do, Study, Act, and Sigma Six. Applying the information technology would help a lot to improve the quality of services. The management will focus on the following, patient registration, electronic medical records, and electronic materials management. Improving quality of services requires setting up benchmarkingRead MoreAdvantages and Disadvantages of Internet Health Care Essay3484 Words   |  14 Pagescontributor to everyday living, from shopping to renting movies to researching personal health issues. Today, there are thousands of internet websites that can be used to access health information. Anything from researching and ordering prescription medications, to learning about illnesses, or even chatting online with trained physicians can be found via the internet. Although there are many benefits of internet health care, there are also many problems that can arise from using this information. So

Martin Luther King Jr. - 867 Words

In this world, there are a lot of people who showed great courage and tried to make the world a better place. Among these people, one of them is Martin Luther King Jr. He made the world a better place for black citizens by doing non-violence movements and marched the way to freedom. Martin Luther King Jr. was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta Georgia as Michael King Jr., but changed his name to Martin Luther King Jr. in honor of Protestant Martin Luther. Through his activism, King played a pivotal role in ending the legal discrimination of African American citizens. During his childhood, Martin Jr.’s father strongly considered racism and segregation to be an affront to God’s will, and strongly discouraged any sense of class superiority†¦show more content†¦This is a group committed to achieving full equality for African American through non-violence. As a role of being president of SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference), Martin Luther traveled acros s the country and around the world giving lectures of non-violent protest and civil rights as well as meetings with religious figures, activists, and political leaders (Martin Luther King Jr., History). In 1960, King and his family moved to Atlanta, where he became a co-pastor of the Ebenezer Baptism church. In 1963, activists did boycotts, sit-ins, and marches to protest segregation, unfair hiring practices and their injustices in one of America’s racially divided cities. On April 12, 1963, King wrote the civil rights manifesto, known as â€Å"Letters from Birmingham Jail,† an eloquent defense of civil disobedience addressed to a group of white clergymen who criticized his tactics. Later that year, King worked on a number of civil rights and religious groups to organize the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. This was a peaceful political rally designed to shed light on the injustices African Americans continued to face across the country. The event was held on August 28, and attended by 250,000 participants. This event was a moment in the history of the American civil rights movement and a factor in the passage of the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 King’s mos t famous address â€Å"I Have A Dream†Show MoreRelatedMartin Luther King Jr1194 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Simmons 1 Gabrielle Simmons Mrs. Fitzgerald Social Studies 8A 4/27/10 Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Jr. is a well known and an inspiring man to all cultures of the world. King was and still is one of the most influential heroes. King s views and believes helped African Americans through the 50 s and 60 s to the rights and liberties that was their right. King faced many obstacles on his journey, things like jail and even assassination attempts. Despite these obstacles,Read MoreMartin Luther King Jr.1078 Words   |  5 PagesMartin Luther King, Jr., was a very strong person, constantly fighting for what he believed in, which was equality for African Americans. He was not scared to stand up and tell the world what he wanted for society. He was fearless and did everything in his power to prove a point. Martin Luther King, Jr., was the strongest individual of his time, for he fought until death, which proves how much he was willing to risk his life to make the world an equal place. Growing up, he had a very interestingRead MoreMartin Luther King, Jr Essay1153 Words   |  5 Pagesbe slaves, African-Americans saw a road trip to equality through the eyes of Martin Luther King, Jr. Even after being emancipated from slaves to citizens, African-Americans were not ready to wage the battle against segregation alone. The weight which African Americans carried on their back, was lightened when they began to see what Martin Luther King, Jr. brought to the table against segregation. Martin Luther King, Jr. was the single most important African-American leader of the Civil Rights MovementRead MoreBiography of Martin Luther King, Jr745 Words   |  3 PagesMartin Luther King, Jr. (January 15, 1929-April 4, 1968) was born on in his mothers parents large house on Auburn Avenue in Atlanta, Georgia. He was the second child, and was first named Michael, after his father. Both changed their names to Martin when the boy was still young. King JR was born into a financially secu re family middle class with that, They received better education in respect to most people of their race. King Jr, noticed this and this influenced him to live a life of social protestRead MoreEssay on Martin Luther King, Jr.591 Words   |  3 PagesMartin Luther King, Jr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was born at home on Tuesday, January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. His parents were Martin Luther, Sr. and Alberta King. He was born into a world where segregation was the law. Where his boyhood best friend, who was white, wasnt allowed to play with him once they started school. Where black people went to separate bathrooms, drank from separate water fountains, couldnt eat in whites only restaurants, and had toRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr.1144 Words   |  5 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. (January 15 1929-April 4, 1968) Brief Summary (of who MLK Jr. is): Martin Luther King Jr. was a Baptist minister and an activist who led the civil rights movement in the 1950. He was a fundamental force behind the civil rights movement that ended legal segregation. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. But he was sadly assassinated in 1968 on a second floor balcony of Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee†¦ Childhood: Martin Luther was never poor. He lived with a middleRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr.2405 Words   |  10 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. was a Baptist minister and social activist, who led the Civil Rights Movement in the United States from the mid-1950s until his death by assassination in 1968. IN THESE GROUPS NOBEL PEACE PRIZE WINNERS FAMOUS PEOPLE WHO DIED IN 1968 FAMOUS PEOPLE WHO WENT TO PRISON FAMOUS CAPRICORNS Show All Groups 1 of 19  «  » QUOTES â€Å"But we come here tonight to be saved from that patience that makes us patient with anything less than freedom and justice.† —Martin Luther King Jr. Read MoreMartin Luther King Jr. Essay1862 Words   |  8 Pagesbut the content of the character,† (Martin Luther King Jr,1963) Martin Luther King Jr. was a smart child and had a good childhood. He learned values from his parents, and Martin Luther King Jr was a man of much wisdom during his time. He was a major contributor to the civil rights movement, and those contributions have profound effect even today. Michael Luther King was Martin Luther King Jr’s name when was born. His parents changed his name to Martin Luther King when he was just a young boy. TheyRead More Martin Luther King Jr. Essay637 Words   |  3 Pages Martin Luther King, Jr. was perhaps one of the most influential person of our time. As the father of modern civil rights movement, Dr.Martin Luther king, Jr., is recognized around the world as a symbol of freedom and peace. Born January 15, 1929, King was the son of an Atlanta pastor. King accomplished many achievements during his life. He graduated from Morehouse as a minister in 1948 and went on to Crozer Theological seminary in Chester, Pa., where he earned a divinity degree. After that KingRead MoreThe Legacy of Martin Luther King Jr.1123 Words   |  4 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. (January 15, 1929 - April 4, 1968) was known as an activist and a remarkable leader for African Americans throughout the Civil Rights Movement. He was put in jail for his non-violent civil rights campaigns, spoke out for racial justice, and tried to find an end to racial discrimination. King’s legacy is still known present day, and continues to be one of the most well known leaders. Throughout Martin Luther King Jr.’s lifetime and the Civil Rights Movement, King was devoted

Red Box Free Essays

A. Case Overview Redbox is a wholly-owned subsidiary by Coinstar, Inc. For only $1 per night it offers movie rentals. We will write a custom essay sample on Red Box or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first kiosks were located at McDonald’s. On 31 March, 2010, the total number of installed Redbox and DVDCpress Kiosks was 24,800. Redbox’s main strategy is to have kiosks that contain mostly new releases of movies on DVDs in shopping areas that are visited a lot. The rental fee is cheap, only $1 per night and the whole order and return process is fast, simple and easy for the customer. With its many kiosks, Redbox built a strong brand reputation. B. Analysis The SWOT analysis shows that Redbox’s strengths are its brand recognition and financial power, with being successful it can add more kiosks at good locations. It has built relationships with the chain retailers of its parent company Coinstar, Inc. and it offers value by offering very affordable movie rentals to customers. Redbox’s weakness is that it offers no online delivery yet. Its opportunities are expansion to other underserved and very good areas in the US, Puerto Rico, and UK. It can also further its expansion internationally. There is lots of existing and potential revenue growth at existing kiosks. Redbox has the strength to attract customers away from other competitors like Blockbuster. Redbox’s threats are services like Netflix that offer movie streaming online, companies that offer internet delivery of movies, Blockbuster building new kiosks and movie theaters when people are tired of watching movies at home. Redbox has lots of potential for further growth in revenue and popularity. It has to pay attention to shifts in customer’s preferences on how to watch a movie and adapt to changes. Porter’s Five Forces show that competition from rivals is strong, especially Blockbuster and Netflix. There is no product differentiation in movies. The threat of new entrants is weak because in order to compete with Redbox, it requires a lot of capital and building same good relationships to suppliers (movie production companies) as Redbox already has. The movie as a product can be easily substituted and people can buy instead of rent or watch something online. The buyers’ bargaining power is modest because buyers can either rent or buy or watch online and the switching costs are low. C. Recommendations Redbox should not miss the chance on expanding internationally. With its cheap movie rentals, it can attract customers from all classes in all countries and not be affected by economic crisis so strongly. It should also continue to do research on where to locate more kiosks and it should think about offering internet movie rentals. Also, it should continue to build and nurture good relationships with its suppliers. How to cite Red Box, Papers

Promoting Ethical Judgment in Organisational Context †MyAssignmenthel

Question: Discuss about the Promoting Ethical Judgment in Organisational Context. Answer: Introduction: The chairperson of the IASB argue that former accounting standard for leases was no level playing field for some of the airlines companies as the previous standards lack comparability. In addition to this, it can be inferred that financial obligations will look different, even, though, they are similar in reality. Due to this reason, there is a huge need for change of accounting standards of IASB in order to solve these kinds of issues. In addition to this, with the help of new accounting standards, the organization can easily recognize short term assets and liabilities in an effective manner. This will further help the organizations to recognize and minimize operational costs. In addition to this, it can be inferred that this will help the management of the organizations to maximize comparability among the other organizations. The chairperson of IASB argued that the new accounting standards will not be popular for everyone as different cosmetic accounting benefits will disappear and leases will appear as a source of income for others. In addition to this, it can be also inferred that the real business benefits of leasing will appear the same once the new accounting standards are being implemented. On the other hand, this will help the firm to understand economics in a better manner. However, this may not be suitable for the organizations as the given changes can be considered as extremely controversial for some of the organizations. The chairperson of IASB argued that the new accounting standards will help the investors at large to make better investment decisions. In addition to this, it can be also inferred that there will be a proper balance between lease and buying decisions by the management of any business organizations. This is mainly because of the fact the costs will be minimum and the organizations will not be able to recognize assets and liabilities for short term purpose. In addition to this, the risks will be minimized and the firm will enjoy a risk free environment. Bibliography Christ, K.,amd burritt, R. 2013)=. Professional accounting bodies: Scoping options for sustainability.RELEVANCE AND PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS IN 2026. Cohen, S. 2013. Promoting ethical judgment in an organisational context.Journal of business ethics,117(3), 513-523. DRURY, C. M. 2013.Management and cost accounting. Springer.

Spanish Civil War Essay Research Paper Referring free essay sample

Spanish Civil War Essay, Research Paper Mentioning to the Spanish Civil War With mention to any civil war in the twentieth century examine the societal, economic and political background to the divisions in the society involved. To what extent were the jobs which caused the war resolved in the post-war period? The province of Spain during the early old ages of the twentieth century can be said to hold been a province of great # 8220 ; unease # 8221 ; . Spain was one of the first powers to free her imperial influence, the province was politically unstable, industrially weak and had suffered some mortifying lickings. It can be said that these were the chief causes that lead to the great instability of Spain during the Civil war and station civil war periods. Left-winged radicalism and chauvinistic motions, such as the Catalan motion often came into struggle with the cardinal authorities, which lead the authorities to utilize corruptness more and more often as a signifier of control. We will write a custom essay sample on Spanish Civil War Essay Research Paper Referring or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The consequence was a military putsch in 1923 lead by Miguel Primo de Rivera. Rivera preferred a more direct manner of regulating, with a strong Christian base and a really anti-communist attitude. He did non like party political relations, preferring to regulate pragmatically, at first with a military cabinet, but subsequently on ( 1926 ) he decided a systematic authorities would be more efficient. So he introduced the `National Assembly # 8217 ; intended to stand for different categories and groups, likely to soften the resistance ; every bit good as the Union Patriotica, created to mobilise popular support for his government. Rivera besides managed to beef up the Spanish infra-structure, but the support had to come from loans from other states, because the upper categories would non accept a inspection and repair in the revenue enhancement system. He besides managed to promote industrial growing, which did work to a certain extent because of many internal jobs, and the large dep ression. These fiscal and political, every bit good as societal troubles led his government to stop in 1930 because it was unable to halt the onslaughts from the left, every bit good as onslaughts from the loath military ( who did non like his thoughts of officer minimalisation ) . The following elections were won by the republicans, led by Azana, without excessively much trouble. The Republic lasted 8 old ages before another military putsch, led by general Franco, took over the authorities. The Republic tried to put out major reforms, meaning to reconstitute the whole of Spain. The eight-hour on the job twenty-four hours was set up, every bit good as a decrease of officers in the armed forces ( by the signifier of early retirement ) . Voting rights were given to people at the age of 23, the aristocracy was abolished and, terrible steps were taken against the Church, particularly spiritual instruction ( considered, in a manner, a signifier of propaganda ) . The part of Catalonia was given some autonomous privileges, like the control of it # 8217 ; s ain constabulary. The job was that these reforms seemed to be excessively s evere to the right-winged opposition and the privileged classes. So in 1933, Azana’s government fell after being defeated by the general elections. The new government was actually a series of coalitions which set out to undo all the reforms produced by the former republican government. This lead to conflicts between what now could be called the two main â€Å"fronts†. These two camps were the Popular Front (consisting of Communists, Socialist, Anarchists, etc.), and the National Front (consisting of right-winged parties and other conservative institutions, such as the Church and the Falange). These parties fought for the next elections after the former coalition government dissolved. The Popular Front won these elections, and so once again, Azana came into power. He tried, once again, to set out all his previous reforms. He also exiled Franco, who was considered the greatest threat to the new government. The problem with the new government though, was that it was (in the eyes of the opposition) drifting too far into communism. The National Front could not stand it any longer, so a military coup was hatched, lead by Franco to overthrough the government. This plan was set up so that two main forces, one coming from the north, and the other from the south would eventually converge and snuff out the Republic. The National Front eventually won the civil war, not only because it had financial and military support from Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, but also because the Popular Front had it’s own internal conflicts. Franco’s regime proved quite successful. He managed to overcome internal disputes and balance the different Nationalist groups; he left the question of monarchy open to the carlists and also favored and encouraged a more influential Church. Even though his government had a tough time during the 1940’s with regards to it’s status (problems becoming a member of the united nations), other nations saw Spain become, in their eyes, a more â€Å"softer nation†, this improved it’s foreign dealings, mainly because of the fact that the cold war had started. A great success was the 1953 Madrid Pact between Spain and the U.S.A, which provided Spain with quite a substantial amount of military and monetary aid in return for access to it’s military bases. This pact, as well as the better relations between Spain and the other powers and the great stability brought about because of the enormous repression that came with his regime, led Spain to booming years during the 1960’s. The Spanish people saw a better Spain, economically, but it was still in a very primitive state politically and socially compared to other european nations, who were not under military rule (with a few exceptions, of course). The end of the Franco regime left many scars in the social and political side of Spain. People had been submitted to a suppressive state, where very little regard for any basic human right was given._

Fluid Dynamics Essays

Fluid Dynamics Essays Fluid Dynamics Essay Fluid Dynamics Essay As objects move through fluids, they are exposed to numerous forces that enhance or impede their progress. By analyzing and understanding these forces, one can predict the velocity of a moving object. Of the forces exerted on an object falling through a liquid, such as buoyant force or the force of gravity, the viscous or drag force appears to have the largest negative effect on the object. The effect of aero and hydrodynamic drag forces and friction appears underrepresented in high school physics courses. Perhaps it is because concepts such as viscous and turbulent drag forces are difficult to predict and measure. My preliminary research indicated there are many factors affecting the forces on an object. These concepts fall in the field of fluid mechanics. Initially, my study began with the idea of measuring the aerodynamic drag force exerted on a model rocket. My primary interest was in the factors that influenced the maximum height reached by a rocket with a set amount of propellant. I thought that launching a rocket on a particularly humid or hot day might result in a different maximum height than a launch on a colder day. It might be possible to theoretically identify the factors such as the pressure or density of the air, then relate them to the measured height. I soon realized that this experiment would not produce accurate data or a clear theoretical relationship because it involved a multitude of variables that were impossible to control without the use of a weather-controlling machine. : Progressing fromthis first idea, a more controllable experiment evolved: measuring and comparing the terminal velocities of a ball falling through glycerine at various temperatures. Glycerine was selected because its high viscosity1 exhibits demonstrable results. The amount of viscous drag within a given fluid appears to vary within a controlled container by temperature. This experiment was designed and conducted to test the following question: How is the terminal velocity of a ball falling through a column of glycerine affected by a change in the temperature of glycerine? This study analysed the terminal velocities of an object falling under the force of gravity through a fluid at varying temperatures. My hypothesis states that as the temperature of the fluid decreases, the terminal velocity of the object will decrease by a proportion of. I base this prediction on the electrostatic bonding properties displayed in liquids. In order to prove this, an experiment will be conducted using a small metal ball and glycerine. The third force exerted on the ball, drag, is always in the opposite direction of the movement. It is very similar to the friction force on a block sliding down a plane, which works in the opposite direction of the motion. The source of drag is derived from the viscosity of the fluid and the incidence of turbulence4 on the ball. At lower velocities, turbulence is small and laminar, whereas at higher velocities, turbulence becomes drastic and has an enormous effect on the drag force. One can use the Reynolds number, Re, a dimensionless value, to determine the nature of the flow (equation 4).

Phase 1 & 2 Screening Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Phase 1 & 2 Screening - Assignment Example Certain rationale substantiates this incidence within a country, especially regarding product acceptance. In this occasion, product acceptance in a country cannot be realized without far-reaching investment and fresh product development (Cateora & Graham, 2007). Additionally, the firm possesses inadequate resources, which are required in order to compose the investment. Consequently, the legal arrangement makes it be unfeasible for the firm to operate within a certain nation. In view of the firm’s objectives and resources, the investment cannot be successful due to the anticipated competition from other firms. Therefore, any predicament that directs to minimum market capability, proceeds emanating from a venture and objectionable competitive levels, threaten to cause a slump to that particular nation. Hence, the principal reasons for dropping a nation in the first phase hover around environmental shortcomings or drawbacks (Cateora & Graham, 2007). In Phase 2, dropping a nation centers on explicit reasons, concerning cultural environmental adjustments that are essential for the approval of the marketing blend that a certain firm offers. Additionally, it concerns whether the adaptation costs will permit admission into cost-effective markets. In this stage, the marketing mix serves as the focus for analysis of profitability and performance of the firm (Cateora & Graham, 2007). Nevertheless, establishment of action to undertake regarding dropping a nation is reliant on the expected productivity of the market, once the essential adjustments are

How do managers manage resistance to change Research Paper

How do managers manage resistance to change - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that organizations today are faced with severe competition, technological development, economic pressures, social and demographic shifts force organizations to implement change. Change is usually a reaction response to changes in the business environment. Some of the changes include job design, structural changes, and changes in the business operations. Change needs to be welcomed because it brings positive benefits to individuals and organizations. This attracts opportunities for new challenges, personal development. Unfortunately, change is usually accompanied by resistance from employees. It is crucial for managers to anticipate and plan for strategies that will help deal with resistance to change. Change is crucial to the success of any organization. Barriers to change include failure to accept that there is a need for change, fear and insecurity, preference to the current arrangements, inability to perform better under the new situatio n, a breakup of teams and groups, and the difference in people’s ambitions. Other factors include lack of understanding of the need for change and its benefits among employees, a poor introduction of change to employees by management. Change can also be negatively affected by poor employee-management relationship, lack of employee involvement in the process, and lack of management support in terms of providing training to its employees. Resistance to change takes a number of forms, the most obvious form being an active refusal, resistance, and objection to cooperate when a change occurs.

Secondary Research Assignment Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Secondary Assignment - Research Paper Example Secondary Research Assignment Change is inevitable for growth and development of an organization. This article outlines the aspects of change, the logistics of initiating and implementing the change. Lines (2004) outlines the benefits that accrue to people when they take part in a number of activities pertaining to change in organizational operations. These benefits include the enhancement in decision making with regard to the change variables. It also highlights timely responses required when change takes effect. In addition, the article highlights the effect of change processes in aspects of life like social environment. The claims of Lines in this article have been supported by renowned scholars; hence, they are reliable in practical application. Critical Evaluation The article failed to exhaust all variables of the change process. For instance, communication factor was not discussed, yet it is a critical variable in order for communication to take effect. The strategies of managing change were not highlighted ; hence, the article did not give full information concerning aspect of change. The reason for choosing the three articles is because they contain information on the influence of participation on strategic management. The authors have written their ideas in a logical manner that makes a reader able to comprehend the concept easily. The reason for starting with article â€Å"Strategic change: The effects of founding and history† is because it analyzes the concept of participation on strategic management than the others article. ... â€Å"Public participation in corporate planning—strategic management in a Kibitzer's world† comes last because the author has failed to elaborate the major concepts necessary for a reader to understand the concept. Boeker, W. - Strategic change: The effects of founding and history Thesis: Analyze the initiation and implementation of strategic change within an organization. Hypothesis: Change is inevitable within an organization; hence, participation of all stakeholders in its implementation is crucial. How the hypothesis was tested: Testing theories were used to affirm the hypothesis. Summary: The participation of all stakeholders in initiation of change is relevant in the modern change scenario. This gives the readers appropriate information regarding importance of change, the effects and shortcomings of change. For instance, managers from different organizations were included; hence, the management got insight into many management issues concerning change. The partic ipation in change processes is related to the organizational development and overall organizational goal achievements (Boeker, 2009). On the other hand, the participation in change is not related to the lack of co-operation from subjects of change. Positive effects of change occur as a result of the synchronization of planned change and the culture of the organization. Moreover, the personal goals of the people affected by change determine the success of any change initiative. The article also highlights that the incorporation of members of an organization in the general change processes leads to the achievement of the organizational objectives. This is because the effects of change are understood; hence, organizational change is supported by the very people whom

The History Of Tobacco History Essay

The History Of Tobacco History Essay The drought finally ended and Jamestown turned a corner. A new cash crop was introduced to Virginia which brought prosperity and a path into the future. John Rolfe is credited with being the man who introduced tobacco to America. Tobacco has a long history in the Americas. The Mayan Indians of Mexico carved drawings in stone showing tobacco use. These drawings date back to somewhere between 600 to 900 A.D. Tobacco was grown by American Indians before the Europeans came from England, Spain, France, and Italy to North America. Native Americans smoked tobacco through a pipe for special religious and medical purposes. Tobacco was the first crop grown for money in North America. In 1612 John Rolfe and the settlers of the first American colony in Jamestown, Virginia grew tobacco as a cash crop. It was their main source of money. Other cash crops were corn, cotton, wheat, sugar, and soya beans. Tobacco helped pay for the American Revolution against England. Also, the first President of the U.S. grew tobacco. Ralph Hamor, Secretary of Virginia, reported that Rolfe planted the first tobacco seeds that he obtained from somewhere in the Caribbean, I may not forget the gentleman worthie of much commendations, which first tooke the pains to make triall thereof, his name Mr. John Rolfe, Anno Domini 1612, partly for the love he hath a long time borne unto it, and partly to raise commodity to the adventurers. He crossed the Caribbean breed with the indigenous tobacco to produce a plant well adapted to the local soil. Rolfe gave some tobacco from his crop to friends to make triall of, and they agreed that the new leaf had smoked pleasant, sweete and strong. Rolfes first crop that was shipped to London compared favorably with the Spanish product. The colony prospered and called for women to come to Jamestown and marry the settlers. It became a boomtown and people come in droves to America. While tobacco brought the colonists prosperity, it had a dark side from the beginning. It required a great deal of labor and so created the conditions in which slavery would later flourish. Tobacco would determine Virginias future. John Rolfe was an earlier American settler. His date of birth is unknown, but he was baptized on 6 May 1585 and came to the Colonies in 1610. He was one of many settlers sent by the Virginia Company of London, charged with finding ways to make the New World profitable, and in this assignment Rolfe was wildly successful: The native Virginia variety of tobacco, Nicotiana rustica, had been deemed too bitter for English customers tastes, but in about 1612 Rolfe imported and began cultivating Caribbean tobacco, Nicotiana Tabacum. Ever since, tobacco has been the regions dominant crop. His first wife died en route to the colonies, and Rolfe later married the Native Princess Pocahontas, who had been kidnapped and converted to Christianity. He returned to England with her, where they met with King James I and Sir Walter Raleigh and were greeted across England as celebrity-curiosities. Tragically, she contracted a disease for which she had no genetic immunity smallpox, some say, or pneumonia and died within months. Rolfe, now twice widowed, returned to Virginia where he served in several colonial administrative posts and married a third time. During a 1622 battle with Natives, his home was destroyed, and Rolfe is presumed to have perished, though his body was never found.Through Thomas Rolfe, his son with Pocahontas, Rolfes progeny extends through many generations of Virginias most prominent families, including the Bollings, Randolphs, and First Lady Edith Wilson. The social stature of these families necessitated the insertion of a specific clause in Virginia later laws against miscegeny, defining fourth- and subsequent generation descendants of Native Americans as legally White. Prices for tobacco began to drop because every person had their own farms in their backyards where they couldve planted their own set of tobacco. Alth ough military discipline almost certainly helped motivate the Jamestown settlers to work, tobacco is what eventually saved the colony. In 1612 an Englishman named John Rolfe introduced a mild strain of tobacco that was perfect for smoking. Suddenly the plant was in demand and could make huge profits, and this provided motivation for settlers to work. Unfortunately, the high profit margin encouraged many to grow tobacco for sale rather than plant food to feed the colony. One farmer could grow about one or two thousand plants, which made about five hundred pounds of tobacco. This brought a profit of between  £25 and  £200 per year (farmers in England earned about  £3 profit per year). The promise of huge profits led to a flood of tobacco in the market. By 1629, the bottom dropped out of the tobacco market because of overproduction. The early years of tobacco production were challenging because labor was scarce in Jamestown, and tobacco was a very labor-intensive crop. Many peopl e planted the crop by using sticks to make a small hole in the ground and placing seeds down the hole. Many settlers lived along rivers and streams so the harvested crop could be transported easily. Eventually, many planters recognized the need for an alternative source of labor for the crop in order to maximize profits. One solution for a desperately needed labor force was indentured servitude. Indentured servants usually received passage to the New World in exchange for four or five years of service, although this was later extended to seven years. At the end of service, servants were supposed to receive their freedom and a gift-usually clothes and tools and sometimes a small section of land. The owners of indentured servants did receive some benefits-specifically something called a headright (fifty acres of land for each head or servant bought) as well as cheap labor. Indentured servants could typically travel to Jamestown for less than  £12 per servant. Those who needed labore rs usually attempted to get English servants first, but the system was also extended to include the Irish, a group viewed as less civilized than the English and more like the savage American Indians. Common characteristics of indentured servants can be seen by viewing the populations statistics. More men than women came to the New World as indentured servants. Women were outnumbered four to one and made up only 20 percent of the servant population. Women were not allowed to marry while a servant, so many became pregnant out of wedlock. Some pregnant women escaped servitude while others had to add two years to their term of service. There was almost no incentive to keep indentured servants well fed or healthy, so many servants were mistreated. Some owners bought and sold indentured servants even though this was illegal, and some servants complained of being treated as slaves. As the need for labor increased, many planters began to shift from working indentured servants to owning slav es. Slavery was introduced into Jamestown in 1619, when about twenty Africans were brought to Virginia, along with about ninety Englishwomen. According to the ship log, Africans were sold as indentured servants for food. The women on the ship were purchased with 120 pounds of tobacco and most quickly became settlers wives. Although the word slave was not used yet to refer to Africans, evidence shows that they were not allowed their freedom after a term of service as the European indentured servants were. Therefore, many historians consider these twenty Africans to be the first slaves in what later became the United States. Since there was no incentive to keep indentured servants well fed or healthy, the number of Europeans who would agree to the terms dropped significantly. Some owners bought and sold indentured servants, and some servants complained of being treated as slaves. Planters turned from servants to African slaves because fewer indentured servants would sign on to work fo r a full contract. Many indentured servants tried to escape before their term of service expired. By the year 1618, Virginia produced 20,000 pounds of tobacco. Nine years later they produced over 500,000 pounds of it, and then two more years after they produced over 1,500,000 pounds of it. Each Virginian got 50 acres for themselves whose passage they paid. Rolfe was a very smart guy, the reason I said this is because even though he promised them freedom dues after working over 5 to 7 years, deep down inside he knew that only 1 out of 10 of those slaves would outlive the contract. They were all forbidden to get married. Even though tobacco is what really had put Virginia on the map. By the 1800s, many people had begun using small amounts of tobacco. Some chewed it. Others smoked it occasionally in a pipe, or they hand-rolled a cigarette or cigar. On the average, people smoked about 40 cigarettes a year. The first commercial cigarettes were made in 1865 by Washington Duke on his 300-acre farm in Raleigh, North Carolina. His hand-rolled cigarettes were sold to soldiers at the end of the Civil War. It was not until James Bonsack invented the cigarette-making machine in 1881 that cigarette smoking became widespread. Bonsacks cigarette machine could make 120,000 cigarettes a day. He went into business with Washington Dukes son, James Buck Duke. They built a factory and made 10 million cigarettes their first year and about one billion cigarettes five years later. The first brand of cigarettes were packaged in a box with baseball cards and were called Duke of Durham. Buck Duke and his father started the first tobacco company in the U.S. They named it the American Tobac co Company. The American Tobacco Company was the largest and most powerful tobacco company until the early 1900s. Several companies were making cigarettes by the early 1900s. In 1902 Philip Morris company came out with its Marlboro brand. They were selling their cigarettes mainly to men. Everything changed during World War I (1914-18) and World War II (1939-45). Soldiers overseas were given free cigarettes every day. At home production increased and cigarettes were being marketed to women too. More than any other war, World War II brought more independence for women. Many of them went to work and started smoking for the first time while their husbands were away. By 1944 cigarette production was up to 300 billion a year. Service men received about 75% of all cigarettes produced. The wars were good for the tobacco industry. Since WW II, there have been six giant cigarette companies in the U.S. They are Philip Morris, R.J. Reynolds, American Brands, Lorillard, Brown Williamson, and Li ggett Myers (now called the Brooke Group). They make millions of dollars selling cigarettes in the U.S. and all over the world. In 1964 the Surgeon General of the U.S. (the chief doctor for the country) wrote a report about the dangers of cigarette smoking. He said that the nicotine and tar in cigarettes cause lung cancer. In 1965 the Congress of the U.S. passed the Cigarette Labelling and Advertising Act. It said that every cigarette pack must have a warning label on its side stating Cigarettes may be hazardous to your health. By the 1980s, the tobacco companies had come out with new brands of cigarettes with lower amounts of tar and nicotine and improved filters to keep their customers buying and to help reduce their fears. The early 1980s were called the tar wars because tobacco companies competed aggressively to make over 100 low tar and ultra low tar cigarettes. Each company made and sold many different brands of cigarettes. In 1984 Congress passed another law called the Compr ehensive Smoking Education Act. It said that the cigarette companies every three months had to change the warning labels on cigarette packs. It created four different labels for the companies to rotate. Since the 1980s, federal, state, local governments, and private companies have begun taking actions to restrict cigarette smoking in public places. The warning labels were the first step. Tobacco companies cannot advertise cigarettes on television or radio. It is against a law that was passed by Congress in 1971. Many cities across the U.S. do not allow smoking in public buildings and restaurants. Since 1990, airlines have not allowed smoking on airplane flights in the U.S. that are six hours or less. State taxes on cigarettes have increased. As it becomes more difficult for tobacco companies to sell their products in the U.S., they are looking outside. U.S. tobacco companies are now growing tobacco in Africa, South America (Brazil and Paraguay), India, Pakistan, the Phillipines, Gre ece, Thailand, and the Dominican Republic. Fifty percent (50%) of the sales of U.S. tobacco companies go to Asian countries, such as Thailand, South Korea, Malaysia, the Phillipines, and Taiwan. Where Im from in the Bahamas we have many people who use tobacco for their reasons but most of everyone use it to calm their nerves. Nowadays, even young teenagers smoke cigarettes or other type of drugs. Economics deals with the making and selling of products and services to consumers. Products are things like chewing tobacco, cigarettes, televisions, houses, and cars. Services include medical care, education, and insurance. Consumers are the people like ourselves who buy or receive the products and services. The U.S. has a capitalist economic system. Under this system, one or more people get together and form a company to make and sell something. They do this to make money. The money that they make after paying off their bills or expenses is called profit. In other words, a profit is the m oney they have for themselves after paying rent, salaries, utility bills (electricity, gas, telephone) and buying machines/computers and any other equipment they need to make their product and run their business. When companies sell more than they spend, they make a profit. Selling their products to other countries is called exporting. The product that is sold is called an export. Buying from other countries is called importing, and what U.S. companies buy is called an import. For example, if Ford Motor Company buys steel from Japan to make a car, it is importing a product. Steel is the import. When Ford sells its cars to Brazil, it is exporting. Cars are the exports. When companies or governments export more than they import, they have a trade surplus. A trade surplus is another way of saying a profit. On the other hand, when they import more than they export, they have a trade deficit. A deficit means a debt or money owed to someone else. Throughout history, tobacco companies have had a trade surplus. That is one big reason why they have been important to the economy of the U.S. In 1992 the tobacco industry reported a $5.65 billion dollar trade surplus. In the first half of 1992, tobacco exports were $2 billion more than imports. The taxes that the tobacco companies pay provide a lot of money for the U.S. government. In 1992, Philip Morris alone paid $4.5 billion in taxes. This makes it the largest tax payer in the U.S. The making or manufacturing of cigarettes is almost completely automated. It is done by machines without people. Machines crush and clean tobacco leaves and add chemicals like nicotine. They also roll cigarettes, put on filters, cut them to length, and then package them. All of the six U.S. companies producing cigarettes are large and powerful. They are so strong that not even all the medical reports of the health dangers of smoking and all the laws restricting smoking and advertising have been able to weaken them. They are still able to make big profits by buying up other non-tobacco companies in the U.S. and by selling and making cigarettes outside the country. For example, Philip Morris bought Miller Beer and Kraft General Foods, and R.J. Reynolds bought the Nabisco Food Group and General Entertainment Corporation. The U.S. government and the tobacco companies help each other. Since 1964 all the Surgeon Generals of the U.S. have talked and written about the health dangers of cigarettes. Still, cigarettes are made, advertised, and sold. The tobacco industry gives thousands of dollars to help cover the costs of political campaigns of people running for political office. These are people who want to be elected or reelected as Senators, Representatives, Vice-President, and President. In turn the politicians help the tobacco industry. One way politicians help is continuing the tobacco price support system. Under the price support system, tobacco can only be grown on a certain number of government-approved farms. The gover nment gives farms special, low interest loans to help cover the costs of growing tobacco. The U.S. Department of Agriculture allows a certain amount of tobacco to be grown each year. This is called a quota. It also sets a minimum price for tobacco. When the farmer takes his/her tobacco to the market, any tobacco not sold one cent above the government price is bought by grower cooperatives and stored to be sold another year. Tobacco products are products made entirely or partly of leaf tobacco as raw material, which are intended to be smoked, sucked, chewed or snuffed. All contain the highly addictive psychoactive ingredient, nicotine. Tobacco use is one of the main risk factors for a number of chronic diseases, including cancer, lung diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. Despite this, it is common throughout the world. A number of countries have legislation restricting tobacco advertising, and regulating who can buy and use tobacco products, and where people can smoke. What Im about to explain to you are some of the effects tobacco can cause to your body and they are, Tobacco stains your teeth and gives you bad breath. Tobacco ruins some of your taste buds, so you wont be able to taste your favorite foods as well. Tobacco causes bleeding gums (gum disease) and cancers of the mouth and throat. When you smoke it also increases your heart rate and blood pressure and causes heart disease and heart attacks. If you try to do activities like exercise or play sports, your heart has to work harder to keep up. Smokers have trouble breathing because smoking damages the lungs. If you have asthma, you can have more frequent a nd more serious attacks. Smoking causes a lot of coughing with phlegm (mucous).Tobacco can cause emphysema (lung disease) and lung cancer. Smoking causes dry, yellow skin and wrinkles. The smell sticks to your skin. Less blood and oxygen flows to your muscles, which causes them to hurt more when you exercise or play sports. These are some of the effects that tobacco does to you and your body. Tobacco is very addictive, it starts out as something they try just to try or do it through peer pressure. They usually start out with something not as strong like red man or beechnut because regular dip will make you sick the first time you try it. From there they usually go to pouches and when the buzz is too weak from that they use regular dip, then they are hooked. The nicotine craving from there is hard to overcome. A lot of people who work outside like to dip because when you get used to the buzz it feels amazing. It is really relaxing, That is also why you see a lot of major league baseb all players who dip especially when they are hitting.. it keeps them nice and relaxed. Dip is a simple tobacco product that you can chew. Tobacco Company gave away about 2 billion cigarettes to our troops abroad. Back then the negative effects of tobacco on peoples health were largely unknown. Nicotine masks fatigue and hunger, also help focus thoughts and provides a calming effect. It was largely thought nicotine also caused a heightened sense of awareness thus making one a better soldier. Many people also like the taste and aroma of burning tobacco. Its also noted that nicotine helps with the symptoms of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, in fact many mental health programs give free cigarettes to their patients, both as an incentive to attend and because of the calming effects. Unfortunately nicotine is highly addictive and is also a carcinogen. You know before WWI lung cancer was so rare doctors often traveled across country to get a glimpse at a case. Nationwide there was some thing like 11 cases per year, not the case anymore though. I advise no one to do drug unless its for health reasons. Many children and teens use cigarettes, cigars, and smokeless tobacco because their friends do. Movies and TV shows can make smoking seem attractive. Teens, especially girls, often use smoking to try to control their weight. Teens may think that smoking is a way to look more mature, independent, and self-confident to their peers. They may smoke to rebel against their parents. Most teens do not know how addictive cigarettes are. Peers may persuade teenagers and even younger children to try tobacco. Even if they do not try verbally to influence another person, simply using tobacco around young people can motivate them to mimic the behavior. Only because they want to fit in, or seem more mature than they really are, they try using tobacco. When teenagers or younger people first begin using tobacco, it is easy to limit usage. They may only use it during parties or when ar ound friends who use tobacco. They may believe that tobacco is not addictive for them and that they can continue to control their use indefinitely. Little that they know is nicotine is very addictive, and eventually they will likely become addicted as well. Nicotine is a nitrogen-containing chemical an alkaloid, which is made by several types of plants, including the tobacco plant. Nicotine is also produced synthetically. The type of nicotine found in tobacco plants, comes from the nightshade family. Red peppers, eggplant, tomatoes and potatoes are examples of the nightshade family. Apart from being a substance found in tobacco products, nicotine is also an antiherbivore chemical, specifically for the elimination of insects it used to be extensively used as an insecticide. When humans, mammals and most other types of animals are exposed to nicotine, it increases their heart rate, heart muscle oxygen consumption rate, and heart stroke volume these are known as pharmacologic effect s. I advise every single person, stay far away from anything that has nicotine in it, most products that do have that in it is tobacco which isnt good for neither you nor your body.

Multimedia :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Multimedia, or mixed-media, systems offer presentations that integrate effects existing in a variety of formats, including text, graphics, animation, audio, and video. Such presentations first became commercially available in very primitive form in the early 1980s, as a result of advances that have been made in digital compression technology-- particularly the difficult area of image compression. Multimedia online services are obtainable through telephone/computer or television links, multimedia hardware and software exist for personal computers, networks, the internet, interactive kiosks and multimedia presentations are available on CD-ROMs and various other mediums. The use of multimedia in our society has it benefits and it’s drawbacks, most defiantly. Some of the more computer-related uses of multimedia, such as electronic publishing, the internet, and computers in education will be discussed in depth thought this paper.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Electronic publishing is the publishing of material in a computer-accessible medium, such as on a CD-ROM or on the Internet. In a broader sense of the term it could also include paper products published with the aid of a desktop publishing program, or any form of printing that involves the use of a computer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reference works became available in the mid-1980s both in CD-ROM format and online. Increasingly, in the 1990s, magazines, journals, books, and newspapers have become available in an electronic format, and some are appearing in that format only. Companies that publish technical manuals to accompany their other products have also been turning to electronic publishing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Electronic books have been recently introduced to the world as a whole. This new concept is the use of internet or otherwise computer technology to electronically convert books to a digital, readable format viewed on a television set or computer screen. This would most likely be done by scanning in individual pages in a book, arrange them in orderly fashion, and have users be able to cycle back and forth between the photo-identical pages. This method would be very quick, and very easy to accomplish- that is- scanning pages as opposed to re-typing millions of words is preferred. This brings us to another method in electronic book production- the interactive method. In digital format, the book’s pages can only be viewed, just like a book. If a reader would want to take notes from a book, he/she would have to write down the notes by hand, or would be forced to photo-copy the page(s). If the book was typed out entirely as would be done by an electronic word processor such as Microsoft Word, users would greatly benefit. The ability for the computer to recognize the words on the screen as actual words as opposed to mere

Nursing: Health Care and Nurses Essay

The impact of institute of medicine (IOM) report on Transforming Nursing Education, Practice, and Leadership. Nursing profession is an indispensible part of the healthcare system and the opportunities for a nursing career are limitless, one may choose from a number of career paths, including clinical practice, education, research, management, administration and leadership. In the midst of all these career paths, clients are the center of practice and they have wide variety of healthcare needs, experiences, vulnerabilities, and expectations. This is what makes nursing both challenging and rewarding. In other to respond and adapt to changes evolving in the health care system, there must be a transformation in nursing education, practice and leadership. Based on these changes and transformation, the Institute of Medicine (IOM), released the report â€Å"The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health.† This comprehensive report explores the need of the profession to adapt to changes and prepare to meet challenges that will occur as a result of the health care reform. With the recent passage of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), millions of Americans who were previously uninsured now find themselves with the opportunity to have access to medical care that was previously denied to them. With large number of individuals who are now able to receive primary care, there is concern as to whether or not there will be enough providers available to handle the massive increase in patient load. The reformed health care system now brings on new challenges and these challenges offer nurses the opportunity to practice with more freedom in order help close the gaps within our health care delivery system. The IOM committee formulated key messages that structure its recommendation for this transformation, focusing on the delicate ground of nursing practice, nursing education, and nursing leadership. The report has it that nurses should be able to practice their full potential and extent based on the training and the education (Transforming Practice); the nurses should be able to achieve excellence in improved system of education and as well training (Transforming Education); and nurses should partner in full with doctors and professionals in health care in the redesigning of practices (Transforming Leadership). The report based on the need to transform practice states that â€Å"Nurses should practice to the full extent of their education and training.† (Institute of Medicine, 2010) There is the need to allow nurses who have obtained the appropriate education, such as a masters or doctorate degree, also referred to as advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) to provide primary care and not be restricted by state laws and regulations. Guidelines should be set based on their experience and competency. Transforming the practice of nursing will be beneficial in future. It will enhance quality, easy access to care, reduce waiting lines, promote health, prevent illness, and care for people of all ages and ethnicities. The ability for people to seek quality, affordable health care means nurses will be taking on new roles. The center of the health care system will be changed to primary care and prevention and will allow more advanced practice registered nurses (APRN) to take on the primary care role. Nurses will expand their scope of practice and increase their responsibilities through teaching and counseling patients about their health care problems. They will coordinate care, act as patients advocate and be able to refer patients to physicians especially those that need specialist care. One concept involved in this transformation, is providing patient-centered care in all aspects. The IOM report refers to this as nurse guided care. â€Å"The nurse providing guided care offers eight services: assessment; planning care; monitoring; coaching; chronic disease self-management; educating and supporting caregivers; coordinating transitions between providers and sites of care; and facilitating access to community services, such as Meals-on-Wheels, transportation services, and senior centers.† (IOM, 2010, p.95) This holistic approach enables the nurse to provide a level of continuity of care throughout the entire process. On the impact on education, the report stated that â€Å"the current health care system was molded around caring for individuals in acute care illness and injury situations, but as time evolves and the population ages, we have begun to notice that care has shifted to a heavier and wider variety of chronic illnesses† (National League for Nursing, 2010). It is for this reason that the IOM’s report suggest that nurses should achieve higher levels of education and training, through an improved education system that promotes seamless academic progression (Institute of Medicine, 2010). The first suggestion to transform nursing education involves an effort being made to encourage associate degree nurses to obtain BSN degrees by the year 2020. The report recommends five competent categories to be integrated in the nursing education. They are, patient centered care, working with other interdisciplinary teams, emphasize practice based on evidence, seeking improvement in quality, and informatics. Computer skills and information management are required for nurses in order to keep up with the technological advancement in the medical field. Higher nursing degrees provide nurses with more critical thinking skills; this will create efficiency and improved quality of care for the patient. In order to increase nursing competence, it is paramount that there is an improved education system that promotes continuous academic progression as opposed to the current disjointed system that is both archaic and ineffective. As well as increasing the percentage of nurses who attain a Baccalaureate in the Science of Nursing (BSN) to 80% by 2020, having at least 10% of BSN nurses to enter a master or doctoral program, and doubling the number of nurses who pursue doctoral degrees, the profession should institute residency training in addition to currently instrumented internship programs for novice nurses. Well trained nurses with seasoned knowledge will be able to handle the massive increase in p atient load. The reformed health care system now brings on new challenges and these challenges offer nurses the opportunity to practice with more freedom in order help close the gaps within our health care delivery system. On the leadership front, the report calls on nurses in different levels ranging from student nurses, frontline nurses, community nurses, chief nursing officers, Nurse researchers, to the nursing organizations to acquire leadership skills and competencies to work in conjunction with doctors and other health care professionals in reform effort across the healthcare settings. Nurses are called to be actively involved in leadership at all levels, to be involved in decision making and also effect policy changes in the country. This leadership skill will start as early as in school to the practice settings. Finally, this transformation on the healthcare delivery system began with the issue of change. Change threatens many, but also opens up opportunities for improvement. The ultimate issue in designing and delivering healthcare is ensuring the health of the population by widening and improving the scope of nursing practice through the use of APRN in delivering primary care. Many clients do not receive continuity of care, many clients are now able to access care since the passage of the Affordable care act, so nurses in all levels and settings should be better prepared to deal with the challenges in healthcare. Many healthcare organizations are changing how they provide their services, reduce unnecessary cost, improve access to care and try to provide high quality client care. Professional nursing is an important player in effecting these changes listed above through transformation in their education, practice and active participation in leadership as advocated in the report. References American Association of Colleges of Nursing (2011). Essentials of Baccalaureate Education for Professional Nursing Practice. Washington, DC: Author Cresaia, J., & Friberg, E. (2010) Conceptual Foundations: The Bridge to professional Nursing Practice. (5th ed). St Louis, MO: Elsevier. Institute Of Medicine. (2004). In the nation’s compelling interest: Ensuring diversity in the health care workforce. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Institute Of Medicine. (2010) â€Å"The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health (2010).† Retrieved November 8, 2012 from http://iom.edu/Reports/2010/The-Future-of-Nursing-Leading-Change-Advancing-Health.aspx National League for Nursing. (2010) Nursing education research: Graduations from RN programs. Accessed November 8, 2012 from http://www.nln.org/research/slides/topic_graduations_rn.htm

Sample of Job Advert, Job Description and Person Specification

Job advert KANE Kane ltd. is a family business company with 8 local outlets for clothing. Aside the 8 outlets, they also have an office in San Gwann. The company is recruiting people as: CUSTOMER CARE OFFICER (REF: 71193) The candidate should have at least 6 O’Levels including Maltese, English and another language, 2 years experience in this job role, be well organised, be responsible, be good to work in a group as well as working on their own, have ECDL, have good communication skills and are willing to work. Good conditions are given to the selected candidate as well as bonuses every June and December.Applicants should send their CV attached with an application letter by not later than 30th December 2012 to: [email  protected] COM or send via mail to: Mr. T. Bajada HR Manager Main Street San Gwann Job description KANE CUSTOMER CARE OFFICER (REF: 71193) The person having this job will have several duties such as taking telephone calls, taking messages, dealing with callers, filing, photocopying, assisting to the customer care co-workers and assistant and report to the customer care manager Mr. J. Schembri. This is a clerical job on level 2 and the selected candidate is to work in the new building in San Gwann.The customer care officer will have responsibilities such as: ? Answering telephone calls ?Taking messages ?Dealing with callers ?Filing ?Photocopying ?Typing reports ?Sending reports to the manager to let him know about complaints ? File reports in appropriate files ?Type, send and receive emails ?And other duties The customer care officer has to work with other customer care officers as well with the customer care manager. The applicant must have O’Level standard of education, preferably Maltese, English and another language and have ECDL.Name of complier: Roxanne Bartolo – HR Assistant Name of approver: Ms. P. Pace – HR manager Date of issue – 3rd December 2012 Person specification KANE CUSTOMER CARE OFFICER (REF: 7 1193) Post title: customer care officer (Ref: 71193) Grade: clerical level 2 Date: 3rd December 2012 CRITERIA ESSENTIAL DESIRABLE Qualifications ?O’Levels – English ? – Maltese ? – Another language ? ?ECDL ? Experience ?2 years experience ? Social aptitudes ?Multi-tasking ? ?Responsible ? ?Typing ? Temperament and personality ?Calm ? ?Smart personality? Personal circumstances ?Fulltime ? ?Can work over time ?

Microsoft Word Tips Creating a List of Charts and Figures

Microsoft Word Tips Creating a List of Charts and Figures Creating a List of Charts and Figures Adding charts and figures to a college paper or business report adds visual impact, which can help you make your point more clearly. However, if you are using charts or figures, you also need to make them easy to find for your reader. This is why Microsoft Word offers a quick way of adding a list of charts and figures to a document. Read on to find out how this works. A list of figures. Adding Images and Captions You can add pictures or charts to a document in Microsoft Word via the Illustrations section of the Insert tab on the main ribbon (you can also import charts from Excel). Adding images and charts. To create a list of the figures and charts, though, you’ll also need to add captions. There are two main ways to do this: Right click the image or chart and select Insert Caption from the menu Place the cursor where you want to add a caption and select Insert Caption from the References tab on the ribbon (or from the Insert tab if you’re using Word for Mac) Adding captions. This will open a new window where you can add your caption text and select a label type. For charts and figures, the â€Å"Figure† label is usually best. Make sure all images and charts that you want to list have captions with the same label type. Adding caption text. Creating a List of Charts and Figures Once you have added all the captions to your document, you can generate an automatic list of charts and figures. To do this on a PC, you need to: Place the cursor where you want to add the list Go to the Captions section of the References tab Click Insert Table of Figures Pick a label type from the menu and click OK Selecting a label type. To do the same thing on Mac computers, select Table of Figures from the Index and Tables section of the Insert menu. This will generate a list of charts and figures based on the caption text for images with that label type. If you make further edits to the document, you can update the list at the touch of a button (simply select it and click Update Table). Updating a list of figures.

Personal statement UCAs Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

UCAs - Personal Statement Example Consequently, the experience has heightened my aspiration to study IT, which I believe will give me an opportunity to serve, as well as enable me to put into practice the skills I have been able to gain through time. My desire to study IT emanates from the successful installation of a software program connecting all the departments in my fathers business. With this successful installation, there was a significant change in the operations of the business, as well as a remarkable business growth. The installation reduced the volume of paperwork that the members of staff were using by approximately 50-60%, which improved the operational efficiency. Apart from ensuring that the business operations were efficient, the installation ensured business growth of up to 30%. This success created a drive in me to study this course so that I could gain additional knowledge in the IT field. In preparation for my university studies, I am currently taking a foundation year course in Cambridge, where I will be studying IT and programming. Part of this course is pure mathematics. I believe that this course will be beneficial as a foundation for pursuing the computer science course. During my years I school, I was an exceptional performer in academics, scoring 120 points out of 125 in the Uniform National Examinations. This has given me the opportunity to study in any university in the country, Kazakhstan, free of charge. However, I chose to study in the UK because its best chance to get good experience, quality education and it also prestige. I will also be able to make friends and maybe share experience as I advance in my career. Apart from participating in the school projects, during the weekends and vacation periods, I usually assist in my father’s company. By voluntarily giving assistance to the staff members, I utilize some of the skills that I get from the school projects, which include logical thinking, problem solving and informatics, as well as knowledge from the studies. Service provision is an essential skill that someone might be required to develop, as a way of making sure that he or she perform his or her duties efficiently and effectively. Apart from developing these skills, it is necessary to have the required qualifications that will enable me to perform according to the organizational and professional requirements. My experience as a programmer in my father’s organization developed in me a desire to be a better person in serving people. More importantly, the experience developed in me the desire to try to succeed so that I would provide services to the government, which will be beneficial in improving the governmental efficiency. I believe that these basic experiences were vital to prove my dedication and determination in accomplishing some of the things that I desire to achieve in my career. I am enthusiastic about the coming year and I look forward to participating in an activity that will be fulfilling and will lead me int o the right path to develop my career further. I can only achieve such a fete through obtaining appropriate training, which will enable me to harness the knowledge for developing and implementing the systems. Getting the opportunity to study and hone my skills will be a huge step in the attainment of my desire to improve on organizational efficiencies. Bibliography Bouwman, H. (2005). Information and communication technology in organizations: adoption, implementation,

Presentation and Supplementary Report Assignment

Presentation and Supplementary Report - Assignment Example Organizations have to bear the high initial cost of acquiring and running the operations, but innovative developments in technology is shortening the life span of the previous one. This is leading the organizations to re-invest in current technology, and increasing the cost to the company. Apart from this, if today’s environment is considered, then the likes and dislikes of customers are also changing frequently. The fast altering opinions, lifestyle, and preferences pose a challenge for the manufacturing business organizations, as they cannot exactly estimate the preferences of their target customer group. Further, generation gaps in the society have also made it difficult for the marketers to determine the consumer behaviour. Companies are investing heavily on analyzing consumer behaviour, so as to determine the appropriate way of satisfying the needs of the customers. Business organizations are facing a two sided challenge, in which the first side is consumer preference and behaviour, on the other side is the cut throat competition in the market. The recession is certainly squeezing the spending of the consumers and the market of the companies. Countries like UK, USA slipped into deep credit crunch, which also led its companies both in public and private sector into the economic slowdown. This also indicates that the challenges faced by the organizations in the past are different from those faced now. The world is changing rapidly and the organizations are facing challenges like intense competition, rigorous ethical inspection, globalization, digitalized workplace, requirement for fast response, and increasing level of diversity. These mentioned challenges which are affecting the business organization are further affecting the society at large. Managers in organisations measure marketing performances for evaluating and analysing effectiveness and efficiency of the business. This can be accomplished by concentrating on the

Culture, Ethics, and Diversity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Culture, Ethics, and Diversity - Research Paper Example From this paper it is clear that  Crane and Matten humorously stated that an organization without ethics is like a ship in the middle of the sea without sailor. It has been argued by the researchers that ethical leadership is needed for organization in order to achieve sustainable growth. Crane and Matten also argued that global organizations face plenty of conflicts and trust deficit while operating business in competitive global environment and in such cases, these organizations need to follow some rigid ethical guidelines in order to address these challenges successfully.  This discussion highlights that  Cameron and Quinn raised a pertinent question that can organizations achieve leadership position by deploying culture of ethics and moral principles? Well the answer of the question is not very simple due to the fact ethics is an intangible element which has the capability to impact the tangible outcomes. Another problem is that there is still no standardized definition of organizational culture. In such context, TrevinËÅ"o and Weaver defined ethical organizational culture as the organizational setting which allows members to follow legal principles and do not involve in those activities which can hurt the interest of not only organization but also hurt the interest of social members. Consideration of the research work of Kaptein reveals the fact that corporate ethics virtues (CEV) model can be used to understand ethical culture in organization.... Zhang, Lowry, Zhou & Fu (2007) criticized the assumptions of previous research scholars that organizations only use the concept of diversity for achieving innovation because sometimes, organizations create culture of diversity due to strategic reasons. However, it is evident from the above discussion that there is significant amount of doubt; confusion and argument exist regarding integration of culture of ethics and culture of diversity within organizational context. Another important thing is that, very few research scholars have tried to understand the intra level relationship between ethical culture and diversity driven culture and how the conjoint relationship between these two variables can impact organizational leadership. In the next section, the researcher will address these issues in the light of existing literature. Literature Review Organizational Leadership & Ethical Culture Cameron and Quinn (2006) raised a pertinent question that can organizations achieve leadership po sition by deploying culture of ethics and moral principles? Well the answer of the question is not very simple due to the fact ethics is an intangible element which has the capability to impact the tangible outcomes. Another problem is that there is still no standardized definition of organizational culture. In such context, Trevin?o and Weaver (2003) defined ethical organizational culture as the organizational setting which allows members to follow legal principles and do not involve in those activities which can hurt the interest of not only organization but also hurt the interest of social members. Consideration of the research work of Kaptein (2008) reveals the fact that corporate ethics virtues (CEV)

Physical Education Lesson Plan Essay Example for Free

Physical Education Lesson Plan Essay 1. Grade level: Second Grade 2. Estimated level of developmental stage: predictable, self-paced (Hastie, 2012). 3. Number of students: Twenty 4. Fundamental skill (to be taught): Dribbling a soccer ball with their feet 5. State standard for Washington State (NASPE, 2008) a. Demonstrates locomoter skills in a variety of activities and lead-up games i. Example: Uses walking/jogging/running skills in soccer ii. Demonstrates manipulative skills with stationary targets 1. Example: Kicks a ball toward a goal iii. Demonstrates mature form in manipulative skills in a variety of activities 2. Example: Traps a ball in soccer Section 2: 1. Student objective: a. As a result of this lesson students will be able to demonstrate dribbling skills while both walking and then jogging. Students will also be able to demonstrate trapping a ball and kicking a ball towards a stationary object. 2. Lesson description b. During this activity students will practice dribbling a ball with their feet; first walking and then jogging. Students will maintain control of the ball using the inside of their foot while dribbling the ball between cones towards the pop-up goal at the end of the field. Once the student reaches the last cone they will then trap the ball with their foot and take aim at the goal. 3. Classroom management system and student grouping c. Students will be divided into five groups with four students in each  group; each student will receive a shape card and will then be grouped according to the shape displayed on the card. Students will be reminded at the start of class regarding the class rules and consequences. Students will be reminded to use kind words, respect others around you, listen carefully, use equipment properly, and if in doubt ask. Consequences and rewards will be handled on a case by case basis meaning praise will be given to individual students and actions will be corrected as necessary. Ultimately the goal is to keep all students involved and engaged while ensuring the safety of everyone. As an educator it is important to be consistent and fair to all students using positive reinforcement and encouraging students to stay on task. 4. Equipment needed d. Twenty soccer balls, twenty-five orange cones for setting up the obstacle course, five pop-up goals at the end of the course, and a large outside grassy field. Section 3: 1. Content: Write a script of what the teacher would say and include the following for each task/skill. a. Task #1: Dribbling while walking first in a straight line, then through the cones i. Introducing the task/skill 1. Our first objective is to practice dribbling our soccer ball while walking. Remember to use the inside and outside of your foot when moving the ball down the field. I want you to first walk down the field dribbling your ball next to the row of cones and then return dribbling the ball while walking through the cones. When the first student begins the return trip through the cones the second student in the group may begin dribbling their ball next to the cones. ii. Safety concerns, rules and protocols to follow during the task 2. Watch out for other students 3. Be careful not to overtake the student in front of you 4. If the ball gets away from you quickly retrieve it iii. Teaching the task/skill 5. Educator will demonstrate the task once at the beginning and then again if students have questions or need extra clarification. iv. Questions to ask during the task as a form of assessment 6. What part of our foot do we use to dribble a ball? 7. Do we want to keep the ball close or far away? b. Task #2: Dribbling while jogging; first in a straight line then through the cones v. Introducing the task/skill 8. Our second objective is to practice dribbling our soccer ball while jogging. Remember to use the inside and outside of your foot when moving the ball down the field. I want you to first jog down the field dribbling your ball next to the row of cones and then return dribbling the ball while jogging through the cones. When the first student begins the return trip through the cones the second student in the group may begin dribbling their ball next to the cones. vi. Safety concerns, rules and protocols to follow during the task 9. Watch out for other students 10. Be careful not to overtake the student in front of you 11. If the ball gets away from you quickly retrieve it vii. Teaching the task/skill 12. Educator will demonstrate the task once at the beginning and then again if students have questions or need extra clarification. viii. Questions to ask during the task as a form of assessment 13. Was it easier or harder to dribble while you were jogging versus when you were walking? 14. Does the change in speed from walking to jogging affect your ability to maintain control of the ball? 2. Culminating activity: c. Class, now we are going to combine our soccer skills together. We are going to have a relay race with each group being a team. The object of the game is for all students in each group to successfully kick their ball into the goal. The first student in each group will dribble their ball through the cones, trap the ball with their foot, and then kick the ball into the goal. Once their ball has successfully made it into the goal they will run back and tag the next teammate in line. The key to success in this game is maintaining control of your ball at all times. 3. Assessment: d. In order to assess the students in my class I would use observational skills to determine if they are meeting the lesson objectives. I would use a scale rating system; based on a scale of one to five, with five being perfect and one being unsatisfactory. I would rate the students based upon whether they could maintain control of a ball while dribbling, trap the ball with their foot, and accurately kick the ball towards a stationary object. Section 4: 1. Home/school connection: a. I would send out an email to all parents suggesting ways students can practice dribbling skills at home. In the email I would include ideas such as parents setting up an obstacle course for kids to dribble through. I would suggest that parents can use household objects such as soup cans for the â€Å"cones† and any round ball would work for dribbling. I would encourage parents to practice with their kids by first demonstrating the skill and then just participating. When parents are involved with their kids in a physical activity the child is more likely to stick with it longer and of course it is an excellent way for parents to bond with their child. 2. Modifications and adaptations b. Inclusion of a child with a physical impairment (e.g. a child confined to a wheelchair, or a child that requires the use of assistive technology). i. One way to include a child confined to a wheelchair would be to have them hold the soccer ball in their lap and maneuver their wheelchair through the cones; upon reaching the end they can throw the ball into the goal. A second way to include them would be to have them use a paddle to â€Å"dribble† the ball through the cones and ultimately hitting the ball into the goal. c. Inclement weather or an altered schedule forces you to change your location. Choose a different location to discuss (e.g. a smaller classroom as opposed to a gym). ii. Due to inclement weather the lesson would need to be moved indoors to the gym. Since the gym floor surface is much smoother than a grassy field I would have the student’s only practice dribbling while walking in order to maintain better control of their ball. d. Several children from a  different grade are temporarily joining this class for this particular lesson. iii. In order to include all students fairly I would disperse the children in groups using the shape cards, but if one group was disproportionately older students or younger students I would need to rearrange a bit. In order for the relay race to be fair each group would need an even mixture of older students versus younger students. References Hastie, P. (2012). Foundations of moving learning. San Diego, CA. Bridgepoint Education, Inc. NASPE (2008). Washington State K-12 state standards. Retrieved from http://www.k12.wa.us/HealthFitness/Standards-GLEs/HealthFitnessStateStandards.PDF.

Airline Lufthansa Companies

Airline Lufthansa Companies Strategic Change and Strategic Challenge for Lufthansa Introduction The biggest airline in Germany- Lufthansa is one of the leading airline companies in the world, but it suffered from the danger of bankruptcy in 1991. However, the flexible strategic change programs made it survive. Thus, the implementation and effects of those programs are obviously attractive and deserve further study. Moreover, current business environment is full of opportunities and challenges, which poses Lufthansa to identify relative challenges and adopt some reaction to respond. Therefore, this report will discuss two parts: one is strategic change programs and the other is current strategic challenges for Lufthansa. In the first part, it will evaluate the strategic change programs which Lufthansa applied and also cover the effects of leadership and politics. The second part of this report will analyse the strategic challenges for Lufthansa based on current and future business environment. I. Strategic changes for Lufthansa Strategy is argued to be a useful tool for an organization to achieve its target in the long term, and its contribution to development of the organization is evident. However, it is impossible to use one strategy to respond the changeable demand due to the dynamic external environment, so the organization should change their strategies to adapt the market. 1. Strategic change program According to Balogun and Hailey (1999), reconstruction is one of strategic changes for organizations, and it â€Å"may be rapid and could involve a good deal of upheaval in an organization† (Johnson and Kevan, 2002:537). Lufthansa utilized this way of reconstruction from functional structure to multidivisional structure to adapt the changing market condition (Bruch, 2000). Functional structure is based on the operational activities such as production, finance, marketing, human resources and information management. However, this structure is primarily suitable for smaller companies. It becomes inadaptable with the expansion of organization, because it neglects strategic issues which are very important for the development of an organization. It is also difficult for departments to co-ordinate and to cope with diversity. Lufthansa is persistent with the idea of multidivisional structure to break up integrated operations into smaller, self-contained units with autonomous governanc e and management. The multidivisional structure enhances strategy focus of each business unit and facilitates measurement of unit performance. Furthermore, it encourages general management development. Nevertheless, the structure has its disadvantages. First of all, it could be costlyï ¼â€º Additionally, the divisions grow too large to manage. What is more, too many divisions make cooperation complex and difficult (Johnson and Kevan, 2002:425). Apart from restructuring of organization in the case of Lufthansa, they also exploited the approach of combination of the human resources management and business strategy to implement â€Å"Strategic Cost Saving Programme†- programme 15, of which the goal was to â€Å"reduce cost ,and make staff at every level highly cost -conscious and cost effective† (Bruch, 2001:315). In the process of implementation, Lufthansa respected individual opinion, considered their willing of contribution to achieve the organizational goal. For instances, Dr. Jansen, the General manager of Programme15 considered that one of the characteristic feature of the ‘Lufthansa style was the specific combination of consensus orientation and persistence†, and also applied better channel to motivate line managers to dedicate through open and honest discussion (ibid, 2001:316). Because middle managers is seen to act as many kinds of roles in the process of carrying out strategic change progra m .e.g. role model, project manager role, mentor or coach and translator. Each role undertaken by middle managers has great influence on the behaviours and attitudes of people to adjust to change (Floyd and Wooldridge, 1994). In addition, continual control is also crucial to implement this programme 15. Lufthansa used a tight monitoring and weekly report to ensure its implementation. Control is important to identify the problems blocking the implementation of strategy through assessing the variances or deviations between actual results and budgeted outcomes. What is more, strategy alliance is a more and more popular method of the development of new strategy. It is defined that two or more organizations share resources and activities to pursue a strategy (Lorange and Roos, 1992).With the increasing complexity of external environment, individual organization may be unable to face those problems within its own internal resources and capabilities, thus they could obtain more resources, skills, information and innovation through cooperating and collaborating with other organizations. Strategic alliance has a variety of forms, like joint ventures, consortia, networks, and opportunistic alliances. Lufthansa adopted strategic network alliance-Star Alliance. It changed their strategy, from â€Å"growth through own strength† to â€Å"growth through partnership† (Johnson and Kevan, 2002:381). Network is thought to be arrangements whereby two or more organizations work in collaboration without formal relationships, but through a mechan ism mutual advantage and trust (ibid, 2002). In the case of Lufthansa, this kind of alliance demanded more coordination and communication within all partners, and required an integrated management structure for overall alliance as well as systematic process for co-coordinating the internal strategic activities of all the partners (Bruch, 2001). 2. Role of leadership Leadership has enormous influence on performance in organizations, and it is â€Å"the process of influencing others to work willingly and to the best of their capabilities towards the goals of the leader† (Kevin and Bob, 1997:527). Leader would expect or request subordinates to do certain things. According to followers behaviours, leader would reward or punish them in order to motivate them to do their best to achieve the goals. Therefore, whether to achieve the goal of the organization or not mainly depends on the decisions of the leader. Firstly, the leader, whose main job is to formulate mission, is on behalf of the organization, so leaders must have strategic vision to provide mission which will provide guidance and direction (Senior and Fleming, 2006:281). The leaders must be able to work under the pressures of a competitive environment. Therefore, leaders should use business strategic judgment by objectively and professionally to investigate each component of the organizations internal and working environment so that organizations can make the most of resources they own. The leadership of Lufthansa was very successful due to the following reasons: At first, the leader of Lufthansa recognized the need to change strategies, structures and styles. When the crisis arose, the leaders of Lufthansa faced it positively by changing the strategic program; they carried out several strategies to achieve the turnaround. Secondly, good new products and services were developed, for example, Lufthansa provided a series of servic es including technical services, catering and so on. Finally, new values were added to the organization through the change, Lufthansa had a â€Å"Changed Soul†. Furthermore, the leaders should know how to motivate the employees to do their best to achieve the goals, which is because motivation is one of the main factors determining the level of individual performance at work. If they are motivated, there is a willingness to exert high levels of effort to reach organizational goals (Robbins and Coulter, 1999:482). Lufthansa learnt to count on people when the crisis arose, it made this by spending some time in communicating with the subordinates, through this, leaders can share the information with people and leaders can get feedback on plans and strategies. The way they communicate with subordinates would influence employees performance. When employees involve in the communication, employers would understand more about the employees thinking, then gaps and misunderstanding in activities among individuals and organizations will be reduced. During the turnaround Lufthansa, leaders developed a certain style of involving people in strategic busin ess processes and networks, Wolfgang Mayrhuber, CEO Lufthansa Technik AG and former member of the OPS Team said: â€Å"We learned to count on people and we got to know that the same people can behave very differently in different situations.† (Bruch, 2001:321) 3. Role of politics The role of politics is as important as that of leadership, and it is very necessary to examine the effects of politics on the business performance. First of all, politics may be required to stimulate necessary change that is blocked by the more legitimate systems. Different from culture, politics promote necessary change, which is rooted in the past and hard to change (Mintzberg et al., 1998:244). Additionally, many decisions are typically affected by political environment, although the importance will vary in different firms, most organizations attempt to maintain good relations with government. Some senior managers may view political factors beyond their control and do little more than adjusting the companys strategies to accommodate changes in those factors, but Lufthansa took more proactive steps, at the outset of the turnaround, Lufthansa forwardly negotiated with the government to privatize the airline, and it became fully privatised in 1997. What is more, according to micro power, organizations have to deal with external environment (ibid,1998:248), the faster pace of environmental change and the greater degree of environmental uncertainty are two issues which link all types and sizes of organizationï ¼Ë†Robbins and Coulter, 1999:62ï ¼â€°. Therefore, an organization should always match its capabilities with the demands of the environment. Here, it will analyze how the leaders of Lufthansa took steps to adopt the environment from two aspects: First of all, in the majority of markets, competitors play very important roles in an organizations task environment. The decisions of the competitors usually influence the firms success and failure that is because products in one industry are usually closely related to those in other industries. Moreover, the relationship between an organization and its competitors tends to change from time to time (Wilson and Gilligan, 2005:241). In addition, buyers change enormously over time, b ut customers are a critical part of all organizations, without them no company can survive, so leaders should change the developing strategy and innovate to catch the customers values, tastes, and needs in order to gain an advantage over other companies (ibid: 174). The managers of Lufthansa formulated lots of strategies to improve customer service, such as Passenger Service. II Strategic challenges for Lufthansa These days, the worlds airline industry is full of opportunities and challenges that pose airline companies to face a number of strategic challenges. Admittedly, some unexpected factors and fierce challenges may affect policies and strategies of companies. At the same time, companies will also benefit themselves from handling those challenges effectively. The following discussion will focus on the main strategic challenges for Lufthansa from four aspects: strategic alliance, customer service, global environment protection, and economic impact and emergencies. 1. Challenges from Management of Strategic Alliances The airline industry has already come into the alliance times. Strategic alliances which always used to develop global markets play an important role in the current global airline business which can affect the airlines in different aspects (Blythe and Zimmerman, 2005:113). Strategic alliance can occur not only in the single industry just like airlines cooperating with each other, but also exist among different industries such as airline and IT, airline and logistics service and so on. Strategic alliances are the key factors of the market which will reduce the cost and risk for their members. a. Airline alliance Airline alliance growing rapidly in popularity belongs to the network alliance and thus it was the result of the development and severe competition of global airline industry (Johnson and Scholes, 2002:381). These days, the three largest airline alliances of the world are Star Alliance, SkyTeam and Oneworld which were established in the late of 1990s (Airline alliance survey, 2007). Nowadays, the airline alliances bring more convenience for travellers during the international fights because it can help them save money and time by using single ticket to fly on different frequent flight programs, and provide them with more departure times and destinations. Airline alliances can also reduce the cost and get more profit for the alliance members. However, that how to manage the airline alliance is still the strategic challenges for the members of the alliance. First of all, as the informal alliances, the members of airline alliance do not need to joint management and they just need to make technology, RD capability and so on together informally(Aaker and Mcloughlin, 2007:218). Moreover, any members still remain independent after establishing the alliance and therefore all the members are comparatively easy to separate from the airline alliance without any harm(Blythe and Zimmerman, 2005:113) (Johnson and Scholes, 2002:382). In 2007, the three largest airline alliances have already controlled 70% of world market. As the largest airline alliance, Star Alliance takes the 28% of the world market. (Xiong, 2007) How to keep the advantage is the main task in the future work. Under these circumstances, the members of Star Alliance should communicate well among members at all levels of organization, negotiate the agreement carefully a nd cooperate with other members to institute the suitable strategy for the Star alliance (Czinkota and Ronkainen, 2004). All airline alliances hope to enlarge themselves and control more market share. In order to enhance capacity of competition, Star alliance should attract some new partners. But at the same time, the more important factor is that Star alliance needs to develop the good working environment for the original members to keep them having the expectation of continuous cooperation and keep them making sure that they work with reliance from others. Otherwise, some of them may quit from the Star alliance and join the other alliance which will bring potential risk for the Star Alliance (Blythe and Zimmerman, 2005:114). From Lufthansas side, it needs to show its â€Å"trust and respect† to other members of this service network alliance (Johnson and Scholes, 2002:455). Without trust, no alliances will be successful.As the key point of success, trust is consisted of two elements: one is â€Å"competence based†, and the other is â€Å"character based† (ibid, 2002:383).The Lufthansa Aviation Group has already been one of the excellent airlines in the world especially in the year of 2007. Though Lufthansa places the leading role in the whole airline industry, which has more advantages in technology and service, it still needs to trust other members who have the capability to fulfil their task in the alliance and respect their decision making and approaches to motivation (Lufthansa, 2007). Moreover, Lufthansa should also trust and respect others attitudes and behaviours and keep good long-standing social relationships with others in order to develop the alliance and give itself the bright future. b. The alliance between airline industry and other industries As what mentioned above shows, the competition and development bring â€Å"airline alliance† to airline industry. It still leads the airline companies to find other co-operators to help them benefit from the competition. Lufthansa needs to consider the current status to face the challenge to improve itself and increase the capability of competition and development due to the impossibility in existence of individual company with its own ability. Sometimes, they will agree to local help in some particular markets. Lufthansa may enhance itself from cooperating with some firms which have already established a dominant position in particular market (Blythe and Zimmerman, 2005:114). Making a strategic alliance with other industry firms may enable Lufthansa to involve in new technologies and gain more innovation (Johnson and Scholes, 2002:382). For Lufthansa, it has already cooperated with other industries such as logistic/technical/Catering/Ground Services industries. How to find th e new business area is the critical issue for Lufthansa. For example, Lufthansa can cooperate with the toy industry which uses the brand of Lufthansa. Providing the free toy for children, it can not only win lots of customers who like this kind of service especially the parents and but also let more people familiar with the brand of Lufthansa. 2. Challenges from Customer Service According to the World Trade Organization, commercial services place a more and more higher percentage in the world business and they are becoming a more important component of every business (Blythe and Zimmerman, 2005:155). Compared with US$1.46 billion in 2001, commercial services have increased to US$ 2.71billiion in 2006 (Diao, 2007). For airline industry, service is the main product of every firm. Service contributes the main profit for the airline industry, so how to provide the high quality service and how to innovate service are full of challenges for the Lufthansa. In 2007, many airline companies find â€Å"a good service is just a little bit more than customers expectation† (VLEBA: British airline, 2007) In order to provide the excellent service, we must understand our customers. Customers are served by the company and they can decide which company to be chosen. If a company wants to get profit from customers and provide the suitable service to the customers, they m ust satisfy customers requirement. (Aaker and Mcloughlin, 2007:39-45) For airline industry, providing the convenient, comfortable and personal individual services are becoming more and more important for developing the quality of service. In order to improve the service, Lufthansa tried their best in 2007. The acquisition of 19% of the equity of JetBlue Airways is the big event of Lufthansa in the year of 2007 which â€Å"links two airlines with international reputations for quality, innovation and a service culture.† (ATW Daily News, 2007) Jet Blue airways is the way for Lufthansa to enter the US market in order to provide more convenient and more powerful service for America in Logistics which will save more money and more time for the customers. According to Lufthansas customer research of 2007, more passengers complain that they are boring to take the long distance fighting because they feel quite tied in the economy class just using one fixed seating position( Wei, 2007) . Because of serious competition among airline companies, providing the comfortable service is a key to gain more customers. If Lufthansa can make good use of A380s space, we wish it can design the new service that it can provide the three layer bed in the economy class (see the picture below). Though the price may be high, the new service will still bring the new challenge in the future because it is suitable for the customer requirement and bring more benefit for the Lufthansa. The economy class with bed (Wei, 2007) 3. Challenges from Global Environment Protection Recently, airline companies have been confronted with enormous environmental challenges such as carbon emissions, greenhouse effects and pollution prevention. According to the latest statistic data, international aircraft are responsible for 3% global carbon dioxide emissions but the figure is still increasing fast (Scheelhaase and Grimme, 2007). At the same time, though the environmental challenge have changed during the last decades and may be different among countries and companies, necessity of environmental awareness has aroused by a number of environmental pressures from governments, stakeholders and costumers and thus those factors will possibly affect the corporate strategies (Schot and Fischer, 1993). For worlds airline industry, with regard to reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, the implementation of internationally coordinated instruments seems not to be ignored and carbon dioxide trading regulatory which airline firms should subject to has already recommended by the Eu ropean Commission (BBC, 2005).Thus, the environmental programmes and policies of airline firms should be established due to both external pressures and intrinsic responsibility and awareness for global environment. According to the different characteristics and various stages of development, Petulla (1987) classified environmental management into three categories: crisis-oriented, cost-oriented, and enlightened, and he also argued that strong environmental responsibility may contribute to companys sustainability and long-term profit. For Lufthansa, substantial management is one of their corporate objectives and they carry out their integrated global concept based on a four-pillar model for climate protection including technical progress, improvements in infrastructure, operational measures and complementary economic measures such as global emissions trading scheme (Lufthansa, 2006). However, though those policies can be implemented by introducing new technologies and optimising orga nisational structure and operation (e.g. Lufthansa start operation with new aircraft A380 to renew their first class concept), the performance of environmental management is still arguable due to the first three pillars technical progress, improvements in infrastructure, and operational measures have priority in any cases at Lufthansa. Therefore, the most important factors that result in â€Å"enlightened† environmental management are: the CEO of Lufthansa has strong commitment with environmental compliance, and the firm should realise the fact that expenditure for environmental responsibility can be minimized in some level (Gupta, 1995). 4. Challenges from global economic environment and unpredicted incidents The further strategic challenge is associated with the global turbulent economic environment. Some strong impact and low probability event, which are characterised by ambiguity of cause, effect and means of resolution, may influence polices and strategies of companies (Pearson and Clair, 1998:60). For worlds airline industry, the gradually increase in oil prices have also forced the airline industry to face strategic challenges. It is forecast that high oil prices may slash global profit for 2008 by nearly $3bn (Milmo, 2007). According to the International Air Transport Association, the fuel price, which has hovered near $100 a barrel during 2007, is predicted to increase $14bn to the industry fuel cost (ibid, 2007). Obviously, high fuel expenditure may seriously impact on the profits of airline industry and slow down the growth rate of annual revenue. At the same time, some unpredictable disasters such as bird flu and terrorism attack (e.g. the event of 11th September 2001) will als o strongly impact the operation of firms. Thus, with regard to confront with this issue, global aviation will probably adopt relevant crisis consciousness and reaction plan which is associated with strategic management to avoid major disruption. Crisis management is considered as a multi-disciplinary process that not only be subjected to the place where the impact exists but also the actual management of a specific crisis for organisation (Sheaffer and Mano-Negrin, 2003). Hence, the participation of a group of managers is required by crisis management rather than being seen as the task of individual independent department (Pollard and Hotho, 2006). Moreover, that will not only highlight the commitment of senior management but also strong leadership to identify and handle the threat with the ideal of crisis management (Mitroff, 2001). For Lufthansa, they should make use of their â€Å"changed soul† and adopt flexible strategies based on teamwork to maintain competitive and cos t effective. For example, In September 2001, they performed the D-Check project which enabled the management to take quick and effective decisions to cope with the emergency incident (Haetty and Hollmeier, 2003). However, those crisis management based on teamwork is challenged. If the absence of individuals happened during the design process of crisis management, it may lead to the disruption to daily business and the costs linked with that disruption (Pollard and Hotho, 2006).Furthermore, the management of company still faces more challenges from external communication. Severe time pressures, inadequate or distorted information will also pose management of company to face problems such as stress at work (Shrivastava et al., 1988). Conclusion In a word, this report initially assesses the method of strategic change programme which Lufthansa applied in four aspects: reconstruction from functional structure to multidivisional structure, combination of human resources management and business strategy, control in the implementation of strategy, and new network alliance. Secondly, it analysed the importance and influence of leadership on organizational decision-making and employees motivation. The report also covers the effects of politics of Lufthansa on negotiation with the government and external environment. Following, we examine the current business environment and point out four crucial challenges for Lufthansa in the future: It firstly highlights the management of strategic alliance through the difficulties in cooperation with alliance members and exploration in the new market; the second point mainly contributes to how to improve excellent service to satisfy with customers requirement; thirdly, deterioration in global e nvironment may make Lufthansa carry out some environmental programmes; the further challenge for Lufthansa is that they should be conscious of economic environment change and some emergent events and draw out the reaction plan to respond. Bibliographies References Aaker, D.A. and Mcloughlin, D.(2007) Strategic Market Management, John Wiley Sons. 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